Fig.1 Signals up-regulating Foxp3 transcription under inflammatory conditions.

NFAT is activated and recruited to the Foxp3 CNS1 enhancer, when conventional CD4＋ T cells recognize their own antigen. In addition, activated NFAT also promotes Sox12 expression and this leads to further activation of the Foxp3 promoter region. ATRA-induced retinoic acid receptor (RAR) activation and TGF-β-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation also support the expression of Foxp3 in the peripheral tissue under inflammatory conditions.
TSS: transcription start site.