Fig. 3　Clinical symptoms before and after surgery in both groups. In the TSS group, JOA score and VAS (leg pain) were significantly improved (p = 0.028 and 0.021, respectively). On the other hand, there was significant improvement in all clinical measures in the LSS group (p < 0.001). TSS, Tandem spinal stenosis; LSS, Lumbar spinal stenosis; JOA, Japanese Orthopaedic Association; VAS, visual analog scale.